As our battle against cancer rages on, the quest for more sophisticated and realistic models to study tumour development has never been more critical. Until now, research has relied on animal models and simplified cell culture methods, which are valuable but cannot fully capture the complex interplay of factors involved in tumour development.

Even newer, more advanced models for studying cancer, such as organoids – tiny, lab-grown versions of organs – do not faithfully replicate the cell behaviours and tissue architectures seen in actual tumours.

This gap has significantly hindered our understanding of the intricate processes underlying cancer initiation, progression, and response to treatment, and calls for more sophisticated models to accurately mimic the disease's complexity.

In a significant leap forward for cancer modelling, scientists have combined microfabrication and tissue engineering techniques to develop miniature colon tissues that can simulate the complex process of tumourigenesis outside the body with high fidelity, giving rise to tumours that closely resemble those found in vivo.

The breakthrough, now published in Nature, was made by Luis Francisco Lorenzo Martín, Tania Hübscher and other members of the group of Matthias Lütolf at EPFL, with input from the group of Freddy Radtke (EPFL) and colleagues at Roche’s Institute of Human Biology.

The mini-colons are topobiologically complex, meaning that they not only replicate the physical structure of colon tissue, including its distinctive crypt-and-lumen architecture, but they also mimic the cellular diversity present in the actual colon tissue during healthy and diseased states.

Optogenetics: Turning cancer “on”

Another important feature of the mini-colons is that they can be induced to develop tumours “at will” and in targeted areas – a massive advantage for cancer research. The researchers were able to turn inducible oncogenic genes on using “optogenetics”. This cutting-edge technique uses light to control biological processes such as gene expression.

By integrating a blue-light-responsive system into the mini-colons, the researchers made them undergo controlled oncogenic mutations, which can reveal tumour evolution with unprecedented details. This optogenetic approach allowed the scientists to induce targeted changes in specific cell populations within the mini-colons, mimicking the localised onset of colorectal cancer in the body.

“In essence, we used light to trigger tumourigenesis by turning on oncogenic driver mutations in a spatiotemporally controlled manner in healthy bioengineered colon epithelial organoids,” says Matthias Lütolf, who is also the founding director of Roche's new Institute of Human Biology. “This basically allows you to watch tumour formation in real-time and do very detailed analyses of a process that’s very difficult to study in a mouse.”

The ability to trigger these genetic changes with light in the miniature colons not only allows more controlled and more precise activation of the oncogenes, but also provides a powerful tool to study the dynamic processes of tumour development and the cellular response to these mutations in real-time. This innovative use of optogenetics opens up new possibilities for dissecting the molecular and cellular mechanisms of cancer.

By manipulating genetic and environmental conditions, the researchers were also able to replicate and observe a range of tumour behaviours in the mini-colons, and even identified key factors influencing cancer progression – for example, the protein GPX2, which associated with stem cell characteristics and tumour growth.

This groundbreaking research offers a potent new tool for exploring the underlying mechanisms of colorectal cancer and testing potential therapies, particularly when applied to human patient-derived tissues. The mini-colons’ ability to mimic tumour dynamics can reduce our reliance on animal models, which can accelerate the discovery and development of effective treatments.

Source: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne