Pancreatic cancer has one of the worst survival rates among cancers.

Patients can expect as low as a 9% chance to live for at least five years after being diagnosed.

Going back in time to observe how cells with key gene mutations interact and become invasive would help researchers better understand how the cancer starts and identify it sooner.

A pancreatic cancer "time machine" engineered by Purdue University researchers has revealed that the disease is even more unpredictable than previously thought: Cancer cells promote each other's invasiveness when they grow together.

The study, published in the journal Small, is just the beginning of a new discovery about how pancreatic cancer evolves.

Since the paper's publication, the researchers also have found drug resistance in cancer cell types originating from two drug-sensitive ones.

The time machine is a hollow tube of collagen that realistically mimics the microanatomy of a pancreatic duct.

By injecting cancer cell lines into microfluidic channels within the artificial duct, the researchers can use the system as a model for observing how pancreatic cancer behaves over time.

Typically, it takes 10-20 years for pancreatic cancer to develop in a patient.

Even in an animal model, the process is several months long.

This pancreatic tumour model condenses cancer development to just two weeks.

"We can observe what happens over a long period of time. This helps us to see trends that we wouldn't normally see," said Bumsoo Han, a Purdue professor of mechanical engineering who builds models for studying how cancer cells move in biological systems.

The tumour model speeds up time because researchers can load in cell lines from an animal model or patient without waiting for gene mutation to happen first.

The life-like structure of the tumour model allows the researchers to reconstruct the mutation as it would happen in the body.

To go back in time, the researchers just rewind footage taken by imaging equipment from the side of the artificial duct.

For this study, a group led by Stephen Konieczny, a professor of biological sciences at Purdue, developed the pancreatic cell line in a mouse model.

Han's team then loaded the cell line through the microfluidic channels of the artificial pancreatic duct. Once inside, the cell lines fill the duct and start growing.

What makes the tumour model so realistic is its shape.

"The curvature of the pancreatic duct affects the behaviour of cells. We could culture these cancer cells on a petri dish, but because the dish is flat, we wouldn't see the same behaviour," said Han, who is the program leader of the Purdue University Center for Cancer Research and has a courtesy appointment in biomedical engineering.

The researchers saw that after two different cancer cell types merged into the pancreatic tumour model device, these cells became more invasive and sprouted from the duct to form tumours.

Since cancer is technically a group of diseases, and pancreatic cancer involves four major driver mutations, Han's team plans to further explore how each of these mutations interacts with each other.

The tumour model also can be used as a prescreening tool to discover new drug targets for better drugs, Han said.

A patent has been issued for the pancreatic tumour model via the Purdue Research Foundation Office of Technology Commercialization.

Source: Purdue University

Image: Purdue University Image/Stephanie Venis, Hye-ran Moon and Bumsoo Han